FUKUSHIMA Lives on the Line
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126* Professor and Chair, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University* Director, Fukushima Medical University1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture 960-1295Figure 1: Fukushima Daiichi (No. 1) Nuclear Reactor out of ControlIntroductionAt 2:46 pm on March 11, 2011, a tremendous earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred in eastern Japan. Tremors of 6.0 or stronger were recorded in Fukushima Printed in The Journal of Japanese Thoracic Clinical Medicine, Volume 71, Issue 3 "Special Feature on the Great East Japan Earthquake and Respiratory Disease" (Kokuseido Publishing Co. Ltd.)Responses to Radioactive Contamination and the Evacuation Order after the Great East Japan EarthquakeMitsuru Munakata*SummaryAt 2:46 pm on March 11, 2011, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 hit eastern Japan. Various areas within Fukushima Prefecture also experienced tremors recorded at 6.0 or stronger. In addition, an enormous tsunami struck Japan's Pacific coastline from Soma and Minami Soma cities to Iwaki city. Located between these cities, the Fukushima Daiichi (No. 1) and Daini (No. 2) nuclear power plants lost electrical power to their core cooling equipment because of the earthquake and tsunami. Once the control of the reactor core was lost, meltdown occurred, spewing particulate matter containing high-level radiation to the surrounding area. Looking back at this unprecedented complex disaster, this book provides an account of the medical infrastructure within Fukushima Prefecture, medical response by Fukushima Medical University (FMU), and public health surveys still occurring within the prefecture today.Key words: earthquake, tsunami, nuclear power plant accident, disaster medicineCity, and subsequent to the earthquake, a devastating tsunami struck the Pacific coastline from Soma and Minami Soma cities to Iwaki city. Located between these cities, the Fukushima Daiichi (No. 1) and Daini (No. 2) nuclear power plants lost the function of their core cooling apparatus because of the disaster. The nuclear reactor core went out of control resulting in the meltdown of Unit 1 Reactor. Hydrogen explosions occurred on March 12, in Unit 1 Reactor, and March 14, in Unit 3 Reactor, emitting highly radioactive particulate matter to the Tohoku and Kanto regions (Figure 1).At 8:50 pm on March 11, an evacuation order was issued for people within a 2 km radius surrounding the nuclear power facility. Then, at 9:23 pm, the distance changed to a 3 km radius, followed by a 10 km radius evacuation order at 11:20 am on March 12, which was then expanded to 20 km at 9:00 pm on the same day. Furthermore, on March 15, an order was issued for everyone within a 20–30 km radius of the plant to take shelter indoors. Afterwards, using data from the System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information and local on-site measurement results, the

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